Which muscle group benefits from both uphill and downhill training in horses?

Uphill training primarily engages the hind leg and core muscles as these muscles work harder to propel the horse forward and maintain balance when climbing. The increased incline requires more strength and coordination from the hindquarters, which play a crucial role in generating power and thrust. Similarly, core muscles are activated to stabilize the horse's body during these strenuous movements, helping to maintain posture and alignment.

Downhill training complements this by engaging these same muscle groups in a different way. When descending, the hind leg muscles must control the horse's movement to prevent overextension and maintain a balanced stance. The core also plays a vital role in allowing the horse to shift its weight appropriately and stay balanced.

In contrast, while pectoral, shoulder, forearm, and neck muscles are important for overall locomotion and balance, they tend to be more engaged during lateral movements and when working at different gaits, rather than being specifically strengthened through uphill and downhill training. Thus, the most significant benefits from both uphill and downhill conditioning are seen in the hind leg and core muscle groups.